However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . 3. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. Agriculture in Ethiopia. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Agriculture. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. U.S. Department of Commerce Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Jorge Morales Pedraza. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. This can be attributed to two factors. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. Trade. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. J. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. 27 May 2021. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Agriculture. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. Wubne, Mulatu. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. ", Tables D.4 D.7. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. 1401 Constitution Ave NW In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Section D. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Advanced Search Citation Search . Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Agriculture >. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Cookies on OCLC websites. Productivity and technology. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. will supply the domestic market. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. <i>Methods</i>. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Official websites use .gov For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. An estimated 85 percent of the . According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. >. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Washington, DC 20230. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women .

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