0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? We'll bring you back here when you are done. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /Tabs /S /Type /Group 13 0 obj According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /GS8 28 0 R be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 >> What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /F4 24 0 R Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] /F4 24 0 R /Endnote /Note /S /Transparency /Group << Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? /Subtype /Type1 /Tabs /S /S /Transparency [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /ExtGState << [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. 4,000 & 9,000 \\ Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. Jennifer A. . July 2015 . -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? Describe his findings. Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. Explain the significance of << Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). 27 0 obj -Differs: 1 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] stream 5 0 obj -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic /Type /Page >> 238 0 R 239 0 R] To install click the Add extension button. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. What is the difference between them? The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. << However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Everything you always wanted to know. /Subtype /TrueType >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F3 23 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? What is the dual process model of persuasion? What is diffusion of responsibility? -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. endobj Keith Stanovich . Jonathan A. . 2 0 obj >> -Conformity: Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. /CS /DeviceRGB -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R -Obedience: submission to authority What is an attribution? makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. /Type /Page Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Parent 2 0 R This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be /Contents 42 0 R /F4 24 0 R endobj /StructParents 5 >> /F4 24 0 R Introducing Cram Folders! What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? >> What is social contagion? 48 . -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. /Subtype /Type0 Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') Contents. What are the major forms of household income? -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding It spans a topic. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Parent 2 0 R /ExtGState << Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. /Type /Page "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under /Annotation /Sect However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). << [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') /GS8 28 0 R Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. /Type /Group -Becoming less pervasive Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. /Type /Page 2 . /Contents 44 0 R What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? /Type /Page /Footnote /Note << According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. >> 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Group << Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. >> Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. /S /Part [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. << The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. /Resources << -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 4 0 obj What are its consequences? 5 0 obj /Length 2864 applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). Olivier . 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R %PDF-1.3 Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> /Type /Group >> Barr . /F2 22 0 R -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. /F6 26 0 R as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category /S /Transparency ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /StructParents 1 >> endobj -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity 260 0 R 261 0 R] 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /GS8 28 0 R /ExtGState << Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. /GS7 27 0 R -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. /CS /DeviceRGB Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /F4 24 0 R /F1 21 0 R 29 0 obj 12 0 obj What is the actor-observer bias? /StructParents 9 What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). /CS /DeviceRGB As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. >> [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. Wim . >> endobj /Dialogsheet /Part You could also do it yourself at any point in time. /Header /Sect 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 << /CS /DeviceRGB What is the power of single vivid instances? >> /Contents 35 0 R The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. endobj The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Resources << >> objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. /CS /DeviceRGB -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous 72 0 R] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. Cookie policy. /Type /Group Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Pages 2 0 R /Type /Group The cognitive miser theory is an . What variables influence whether or not people conform? The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. -Cognitive component: stereotypes >> can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R Please sign in to share these flashcards. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. /Parent 2 0 R /F4 24 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an . /Group << /Tabs /S /Type /Group Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". endobj People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. /Group << -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Type /Font Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /GS8 28 0 R The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. 269273 . /S /Transparency too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /Type /Group /Type /Group The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? << /GS8 28 0 R /F1 21 0 R Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. What is an internal versus an external attribution? /Font << 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R >> How does the brain respond to social rejection? Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. 14 0 obj /GS8 28 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". variability, when the category is. 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 13 A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. 21 0 obj Rossi . << /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? /Textbox /Sect /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? >> [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence /Type /Page /Type /Page People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> /Tabs /S . economic zones to fisheries. Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. >> /Producer /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R 22 0 obj The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. %PDF-1.5 23 0 obj /Subtype /TrueType >> Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. endobj heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. /Worksheet /Part *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R /Contents 43 0 R /Encoding /Identity-H /Subtype /TrueType Before this, human thinking was. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? /GS7 27 0 R ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R %PDF-1.4 (1950s) a. When can it enhance social behavior? What are its real world consequences? /Workbook /Document How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? Introducing Cram Folders! /GS8 28 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R -2008 first black president naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights What is a meta-analysis? -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better What causes deindividuation? >> /FirstChar 32 What is social comparison theory?

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