Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Simply: Figure 2.1. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. c. axons. c. neurons. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. 43. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. c. humanistic-existential How so? a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. b. learned behavior. c. overgeneralization. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. b. exposure b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. c. emphasize health. a. 129. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. 145. 31. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. 2.2.3.1. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. 2.3.4. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. 88. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. 55. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. See Figure 2.4 below. d. fixation. b. cognitive-behavioral Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Its a simple strategy, but an important one. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. This thought is an example of: a. depression. b. modeling. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. 76. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. 95. b. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? c. depression. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? c. transference. d. damage control. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. b. family structure and communication. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). 42. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. We must try to convert what we see into action. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. 73. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. d. propositions. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Models aid us with doing all of this. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. 115. 114. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? b. 110. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. b. cultural. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? d. acceptance and commitment, 97. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. Genetic issues and explanations. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Right? c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. b. early childhood trauma. Schemas and cognitive errors. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. c. people are driven to self-actualize. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? You are doing your best. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. 71. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? 130. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. We see this in the case of reflexes. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). 2.3.1.4. 118. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). d. disengagement. a. guidelines. A patient has social anxiety disorder. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. 17. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). Thats all right. The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. a. 63. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. His name is Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. 144. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. 140. b. modeling. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Joanie has social anxiety. 2.3.3.2. c. superego. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. The brain. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. c. Beck. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. d. flight of ideas. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. "That's all right. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. A friend recommends this therapy. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? 89. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. c. operant conditioning. c. operant conditioning. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? c. sociocultural. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. 74. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. 161. None of the models are complete within themselves. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. Communication in the Nervous System. The final section is a First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. 155. b. unconditional self-regard. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. None of the models are complete within themselves. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. b. overgeneralization. 2.2.2.3. b. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. 165. c. rationalization. b. operant conditioning. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. What are some issues facing the biological model? Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them.

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