Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. This meant atholics did not think . Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. - Leith blockade. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. West Yorkshire, This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. - navy to firth of Forth. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Doodle's Point of View They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. he could also overthrow her. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. VAT reg no 816865400. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Spouse: None. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Born: 7 September 1533. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Spanish invasion plans. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Boston Spa, Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. (*fragmentary*). 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? migration? This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. 2) This war was not a success. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. They began to revolt against the Spanish. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. It had to deal with Irish . Died: 24 March 1603. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. LS23 6AD How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Foreign Affairs. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Elizabeth I: a biography. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. As such, I disagree with the statement. Mary was spared. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Company Reg no: 04489574. King Philip of Spain sent an. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Europe. to answer the Section Focus Question: As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. 2. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. 14-16 / Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Manage Settings The invasion failed, however. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England.

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